![]() The alliance proved fleeting as Nationalist and Communists clashed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. These two forces combined to create a National Revolutionary Army (NRA), which embarked on the Northern Expedition to defeat the warlords and unify the country. Instead of producing a new government, the revolution ushered in a period of military separatism as sections of the country fell under the political and military control of independent commanders, typically known as “warlords.” The 1920s saw the rise of two prominent political parties, the Guomindang (GMD) or “Nationalist” Party and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), each of which developed military forces in order to acquire political power and implement its particular plan for a new China. This bibliography begins with the 1911 Revolution, which ended the millennia-old imperial system in China. ![]() A traditional focus on major campaigns and commanders has given way to new approaches that explore the social and environmental consequences of war, studies of different regions or base areas, and the experiences of combatants. Scholars have long shown interest in this topic, producing a wide body of scholarship on various aspects of China’s major wars since 1911. ![]() Few informed observers would deny the important role that military conflict has played in China’s 20th century. ![]()
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